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How India stacks up against other semiconductor economies

Every chart on this page is drawn from data extracted from curated OECD reports and publicly-reported national programmes. India is always highlighted in saffron. Where India has zero or missing data on a metric, we flag that as a finding in its own right.

Tip

Update the underlying data by editing data/datapoints.yml. Charts re-render automatically when the site rebuilds.

jsyaml = require("js-yaml@4.1.0")

// Load the datapoints YAML file and parse
datapointsRaw = FileAttachment("data/datapoints.yml").text()
datapoints = jsyaml.load(await datapointsRaw).datapoints

// Transform nested YAML (values as country->number map) into a flat array
// of {metric, label, unit, year, country, value, source_report, note, is_india}
flatData = datapoints.flatMap(dp =>
  Object.entries(dp.values).map(([country, value]) => ({
    metric: dp.metric,
    label: dp.label,
    unit: dp.unit,
    year: dp.year,
    source_report: dp.source_report,
    note: dp.note,
    country: country,
    value: value,
    is_india: country === "India"
  }))
)

// Colours: saffron for India, neutral grey for others
indiaColor = "#FF9933"
otherColor = "#7A8A99"

// Helper to render one bar chart per metric
chartForMetric = function(metric) {
  const rows = flatData.filter(d => d.metric === metric)
  const meta = datapoints.find(d => d.metric === metric)
  const indiaRow = rows.find(d => d.is_india)
  const indiaAbsent = !indiaRow || indiaRow.value === 0

  return Plot.plot({
    marginLeft: 140,
    marginRight: 40,
    height: Math.max(220, rows.length * 34),
    x: {
      label: meta.unit,
      grid: true
    },
    y: {
      label: null,
      domain: rows.slice().sort((a, b) => b.value - a.value).map(d => d.country)
    },
    marks: [
      Plot.barX(rows, {
        x: "value",
        y: "country",
        fill: d => d.is_india ? indiaColor : otherColor,
        sort: {y: "x", reverse: true}
      }),
      Plot.text(rows, {
        x: "value",
        y: "country",
        text: d => d.value.toLocaleString(),
        textAnchor: "start",
        dx: 4,
        fontSize: 11,
        fill: "#333"
      }),
      Plot.ruleX([0])
    ]
  })
}

Government semiconductor commitments

chartForMetric("govt_semiconductor_commitment_usd_bn")

Publicly-announced national commitments as of 2024, compiled from each country’s programme announcements (US CHIPS Act, EU Chips Act, India ISM scheme, K-Chips Act, Japan’s rebuilding programme). These are not OECD figures — they are an editorial compilation included here for reference while waiting for an authoritative OECD cross-country subsidy benchmark.

Installed fab capacity

chartForMetric("installed_fab_capacity_kwpm")

India is at zero. India has no commercial wafer fab capacity as of 2023 — the first ISM-approved fabs (Tata-PSMC at Dholera, Micron at Sanand for ATMP) are still under construction. This metric will move over the next 3-5 years; it is the single most closely-watched number in Indian semiconductor policy.

Direct semiconductor workforce

chartForMetric("semiconductor_workforce_thousands")

India’s ~95,000 workers are concentrated in design and R&D — not fab operations. The OECD’s Mexico review argues that middle-skill shortages (technicians, process engineers) are the binding constraint for countries scaling semiconductor manufacturing, not PhD shortages. India faces exactly this gap.

Methodology

• Data source: each chart’s underlying figures are in data/datapoints.yml in this site’s repository, with a pointer back to the curated report that supplied them.
• Seed data warning: the initial seed values are drawn from publicly-reported national commitments (CHIPS Act, EU Chips Act, India ISM, K-Chips Act, Japan’s rebuilding programme). They are not authoritative OECD figures. When the OECD publishes a direct cross-country benchmarking exercise, the data file will be updated to cite that source.
• India highlighting: charts are rendered with Observable Plot in the browser; India’s bar is always filled with saffron (#FF9933). If India is absent or zero, a callout explains why.
• Contributing: spot an error or have a newer figure? Open an issue.